In this module we will be covering dictionaries in PYTHON, how we define and use sets and how we serialize objects.
Dictionaries
This is an object that stores a collection of data. Each element has two parts - a key and an index. You use the key to locate a specific value. We call this key-value pairs.
We create a dictionary by enclosing the elements inside of a set of curly braces { }.
We retrieve a value from a dictionary:
dictionary_name[key]
in And not in Operators
We use the in And not in operators to test for a value in a dictionary.
Adding Elements to a Dictionary
dictionary_name[key] = value
Deleting Elements in a Dictionary
del dictionary_name[key]
len Function
You can use the function len to get the number of elements in a dictionary.
Creating an Empty Dictionary
You might want to create an empty dictionary where you then add elements to it as the program executes.
Using the for Loop
for var in dictionary:
statement
statement
etc.
Dictionary Methods
clear - clears the contents of the dictionary
get - gets the value associated with a specified key
items - returns all the keys in a dictionary and their associated values as a sequence of tuples
keys - returns all the keys in a dictionary as a sequence of tuples
pop - returns the value associated with a specified key and removes that key-value pair from the dictionary
popitem - returns a randomly selected key-value pair as a tuple from the dictionary and removes that key-value pair from the dictionary
values - returns all the values in the dictionary as a sequence of tuples
Sets
A set contains a collection of unique values and works like a mathematical set. 1) all items in a set must be unique (no same values); 2) sets are unordered; 3) the elements that are stored in a set can be of different data types.
We use the built-in function set to create a set:
myset = set()
You can get the number of elements in the set by using the len function.
You can add and remove elements in the set. You use the add Method to add an element to a set. You use the remove Method or the discard Method to remove an item from the set.
You can use the for Loop to iterate over a set
for var in set:
statement
statement
etc.
You can use the in And not in Operators to Test for a Value in a set.
You can use the union Method to get the union of two sets.
set1.union(set2)
You can use the intersection Method to get the intersection of two sets.
set1.intersection(set2)
You can use the difference Method to get the difference of two sets. (elements that appear in set 1 but do not appear in set 2.
set1.difference(set2)
You can use the symmetric_difference Method to get the symmetric difference of two sets (elements that are not shared by the sets).
set1.symmetric_difference(set2)
Serializing Objects
Serializing an object is the process of converting the object to a stream of bytes that can be saved to a file for later retrieval. This is called "pickling". The PYTHON library provides a module named pickle that holds various functions that serialize objects.